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Hammertoe is a common foot deformity where one or more toes bend abnormally at the middle joint, creating a hammer-like or claw-like appearance. The condition most frequently affects the second, third, or fourth toes and can cause significant pain, difficulty wearing shoes, and problems with walking and balance. Hammertoes develop when muscles, tendons, and ligaments surrounding the toe joints become imbalanced, forcing the toe into the bent position. Over time, the affected joint may become rigid and fixed in the deformed position if left untreated.

Several factors contribute to hammertoe development. Ill-fitting footwear, particularly shoes with narrow toe boxes or high heels that crowd toes and force them into bent positions, represents the primary modifiable risk factor. Genetic predisposition, foot structure abnormalities like high arches or flat feet, traumatic injuries, arthritis, and neuromuscular conditions affecting muscle balance also increase susceptibility. Age-related changes in foot mechanics and chronic conditions like diabetes can contribute. Women develop hammertoes more frequently than men, largely attributed to footwear choices. The condition progresses through flexible stages where toes can still be straightened manually, to rigid stages where deformity becomes permanent.

Treatment approaches depend on severity and flexibility. Conservative management includes wearing properly fitted shoes with adequate toe room, using orthotic devices or toe pads to relieve pressure, performing stretching and strengthening exercises, taking anti-inflammatory medications for pain, and applying ice to reduce swelling. Flexible hammertoes respond better to conservative treatment. Rigid hammertoes or cases causing severe pain despite conservative measures may require surgical correction. Procedures range from tendon releases and joint resection to fusion or implant placement. Prevention focuses on proper footwear selection, maintaining healthy foot mechanics, and addressing contributing conditions early. Regular podiatric evaluation helps monitor progression and adjust treatment strategies.